Copy-and-patch compiler for hard real-time Python
I built Copapy as an experiment: Can Python be used for hard real-time systems? Instead of an interpreter or JIT, Copapy builds a computation graph by tracing Python code and uses a custom copy-and-patch compiler. The result is very fast native code with no GC, no syscalls, and no memory allocations at runtime. The copy-and-patch compiler currently supports x86_64 as well as 32- and 64-bit ARM. It comes as small Python package with no other dependencies - no cross-compiler, nothing except Python. The current focus is on robotics and control systems in general. This project is early but…
Copy-and-patch compiler for hard real-time Python launched on February 11, 2026 with 65 votes, #547 of 16,628 launches that month and more than 95% of that year's launches.
In plain words
Copapy is a Python compiler designed for hard real-time systems like robotics and control applications. Instead of using an interpreter or JIT compilation, it traces Python code to build a computation graph and compiles it to native machine code with no garbage collection, system calls, or runtime memory allocations. The tool supports x86_64 and 32- and 64-bit ARM architectures and requires only Python with no additional dependencies.
written from the facts on this page · September 2026
From the sources
Tracing based copy-and-patch compiler for low-latency realtime Python - Nonannet/copapy
Copapy is a Python framework for deterministic, low-latency real-time computation with automatic differentiation support, targeting hardware applications - for example in the fields of robotics, aerospace, SDR, embedded systems and control systems in general. GPU frameworks like PyTorch, JAX and TensorFlow jump-started the development in the field of AI. With the right balance of flexibility and performance, they allow for fast iteration of new ideas while still being performant enough to test or even use them in production. This is exactly what Copapy aims for - but in the field of embedded realtime computation. While making use of the ergonomics of Python, the tooling, and the general…from github.com
In the maker’s words, at launch
I built Copapy as an experiment: Can Python be used for hard real-time systems? Instead of an interpreter or JIT, Copapy builds a computation graph by tracing Python code and uses a custom copy-and-patch compiler. The result is very fast native code with no GC, no syscalls, and no memory allocations at runtime. The…
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